At Mornington and Father and Child Essay

Gwen Harwood’s verse investigates thoughts of the restoring forces of memory, the unyielding idea of time and the difficulty of progressing through different phases of human mental turn of events and the degree of life and demise. â€Å"At Mornington† and â€Å"Father and Child† are sonnets which both exhibit Harwood’s unmistakable voice that rises above the hindrances of time and analyze all inclusive issues that are relevant to all. Besides, the capacity for these two sonnets to give various understandings makes them pertinent to contrasting settings with varying qualities. This is seen with two variation readings, a psychoanalytical perusing and a post-present day perusing. ‘At Mornington’ is a memory of the persona’s life, assessing the degree of life and demise through recollections, as appeared by the main individual perspective and past tense. It contains â€Å"memories of early childhood† that are portrayed as â€Å"light in an ocean wet shell†, delicate and brief. The persona additionally keeps on investigating an assortment of different recollections and wandering considerations, which the persona draws quality from so as to adapt, comprehend and understand the present and the certainty of her future demise. The possibility of recollections thus drives the sonnets into a psychoanalytical perusing, related to a post-current understanding. The sonnet begins with the persona expressing: ‘They revealed to me that when I was taken to the sea’s edge’, inferring that her recollections are dependant on what ‘they’, her definitive figures have advised her, suggesting how they are directed by that of power. Anyway recollections can some of the time be temperamental as there are purposes of uncertainty where the persona ‘seem to recall my dad completely clothed’. A post-present day see likewise shows authority losing force and people testing them, as when the persona â€Å"leapt from my father’s arms† in the wake of being â€Å"taken to the sea’s edge. † The scene is a similitude for an individual getting away from the latent handles of power, spoke to in the dad, and following up on their own advantages. The way that the persona was taken to their present position represents their absence of power over the circumstance, nonetheless, the persona later declares control, breaking liberated from the legitimate figure and is controlling her own life. The relentless idea of time is considered by the persona to comprehend her life. Through language and the lifecycle of the pumpkin as her very own illustration life, the persona characterizes herself so as to pick up comfort. The ‘pumpkin’ introduced a picture of the persona’s youth and blamelessness. She alludes to â€Å"fine pumpkins developed on a trellis† at her friend’s house as a â€Å"parable of myself† as she ages, rising â€Å"in vaporous rebellion of nature† towards the sun before coming back to earth. The representation of the pumpkins endeavoring to reach â€Å"the light† remarks on both the physical and mystical goals of people, and the showdown and acknowledgment of death. It shows that she also has developed over her ‘humble station’ †not really outside progress but rather overcoming any barrier between the cognizant and oblivious. Be that as it may, this representation alone is lacking to understand her reality, and it is this hole among the real world and the naming of it which is a key component of psychoanalytical hypothesis. The need and want of people to find a feeling of solidarity of self is additionally basic to the psychoanalytic hypothesis, and Harwood accomplishes this through the roundabout structure of the sonnet. Emotive words, for example, ‘peace’, ‘shine’ and ‘forever’ make a quiet picture of death, while the representative ‘light’ and ‘water’ interlink with the main refrain. The utilization of water as a theme all through the sonnet interfaces the notable individuals and minutes throughout her life, for example, in her adolescence with her dad ‘water soaked’ and with her companion in the Brisbane Gardens ‘pitcher of water’ lastly she utilizes the line ‘waters that bear me away for ever’ to give her acknowledgment of death. By drawing strings of the sonnet together, similarly as the persona draws together her fantasies, musings and recollections are utilized to set up her feeling of solidarity and completeness. Harwood makes a quiet picture of death, permitting the persona to arrive at a decision about its certainty and the significance of her encounters and dreams to it. Harwood’s sonnet ‘Father and Child’ is a corresponding to ‘At Mornington’ as it examines the progression of human mind, from the blamelessness of adolescence to the slightness of mature age. The sonnet additionally watches the human psyche’s endeavor to support and oppose the unpreventable idea of time. Harwood investigates the adjustment in human mind in this sonnet and proposes that encounters experienced fit as a fiddle lives and profound quality later on. The juxtaposition of settings and grammar is utilized to pass on the development of the human mind and ethical quality. â€Å"Father and Child† is isolated into two segments, â€Å"Part I Barn Owl†, which happens in the persona’s adolescence, and â€Å"Part II Nightfall† which is set when the persona has apparently arrived at middle age, as the dad is currently 80, visually impaired and kicking the bucket. The affliction of progressing through different phases of human mental advancement is pervasive in ‘Barn Owl’. Harwood has utilized striking portrayals to depict the hardness and mercilessness of the circumstance where a young lady endeavors to shoot an outbuilding owl yet comes up short and damages it unpleasantly, causing the owl having had ‘dribbled through free straw tangling in bowels’. For the responders this is solid symbolism and depicts the strange circumstance. The little youngster is enabled on the grounds that the owl is blinded by the light yet later there is a job inversion as her dad enters and becomes ‘owl-dazzle in early sun’, similar to the owl was at first. The executing of the owl shows parts of a post-present day understanding where the young lady rebels against power by opposing her dad, the definitive figure, and escapes with his weapon †a portrayal of the father’s force and authority. The owl is a portrayal of insight or authority, in this manner, the youngster is annihilating, in her psyche, authority. The allegorical symbolism encompassing the passing of the owl bolsters the psychoanalytical view that, sensational minutes, for example, these effect upon the mind and everlastingly affect the person. The young lady goes to an acknowledgment of â€Å"those eyes that†¦ reflect my cruelty† and is currently mindful of the outcomes of her activities, yet it is past the point where it is possible to change the outcome. The progress has been made and everlastingly she will stay in the realm of agony while unexpectedly the winged creature has gotten away from it. The job of light is significant in this sonnet as it separates between the thoughts of life and demise. In Part II, Harwood has tested the responders by depicting light as an analogy for life by making it set in the last piece of the day, at sunset, when the sun is setting. This shows the change from life to death. Neither has the ability to control the certainty of death as the ‘sunset magnifies its known images of transience’, exemplifying nightfall †as the day becomes night the sun has the force since it achieves the procedure of progress and decay. By doing this Harwood is investigating the idea of death being related with murkiness. In refrain 6, the air is disheartened as immediate discourse is utilized and the sonnet approaches the end. ‘Your night and day are one’ depicts how passing is a haze of both light and dull in light of the fact that it is a progress between the two. ‘Father and Child’ can likewise be perused from a postmodernist point of view where it causes to notice the quantity of intertextual associations that are made between the sonnet and different writings, which centers around both the degree of life/passing and recollections. The most obvious inferences are worried about Shakespeare’s ‘King Lear’ and the line in Nightfall â€Å"Be your tears wet† making a connection between the kid persona and the character of Lear’s little girl Cordelia, which inspects the way that she is standing up to the passing of her dad. It’s as though a series of delicacy was moved by him within her which prompted the tears. She had taken in a great deal of ideas concerning life from her dad and is expressing gratitude toward him for instructing her. In any case, tears can't patch the unavoidable truths that apply to everyone and passing, since everyone needs to reach the finish of an excursion at some stage. She depends on her father’s ‘white stick’ to return her to her recollections of her dad and the exercises learnt †demonstrating how recollections can beat tears at this last distress. The mention of her dad as ‘King’ is a reference to King Lear, giving her reverence and love for her dad and how she despite everything considers him to be somebody that she can depend on. The utilization of differentiating tones of the two sections strengthens the thoughts of memory and life/demise, that after numerous educational encounters, her point of view of her dad changes from â€Å"an old No Sayer† when the young lady is youthful, to a â€Å"stick slim comforter†. By esteeming writings in alternate points of view, responders can respond to a book on an assortment of ways, making them applicable to contrasting settings with varying qualities. â€Å"At Mornington† and â€Å"Father and Child† are writings which rise above the obstructions of time and analyze general issues that are pertinent to all.

Free Essays on Nerver Ending Story Vs Glass Menagerie

The Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams is fixated on a fantasy of getaway, much like the melody, Never Ending Story by New Found Glory. The tune most identifies with Tom in the play. Tom is, by a wide margin, the greatest visionary. The tune is tied in with dreaming, with verses like â€Å"Reach the stars and fly a fantasy.† Tom fantasies about leaving and ‘flying his fantasy.’ In the play, Tom says, as he is dreaming, of leaving the â€Å"†¦over swarmed urban focuses of lower class population.† Tom truly fantasies about leaving some time or another much like his dad had. Tom communicates this when he tells Amanda, â€Å"†¦Mother, I’d be the place [the father] is!† Tom fantasies about leaving so frantically that he â€Å"†¦paid his [Merchant Marine] contribution, this month rather than the light bill.† Tom needs to escape so urgently that he is eager to hurt the remainder of his family, by taking cash that they had earned, not finished with it what he should, and utilizing it just to satisfy his fantasies about getting away. Tom is prepared to get out, be his own individual, thus the way that he took the cash to cover the tabs and paid for himself to go to the dealer Marines. Likewise the way that he â€Å"goes to the movies,† and is away for nearly the entire day shows he is disturbed at home. In the play Tom says he is â€Å"†¦tired of the movies,† implying that he is prepared for his own undertakings. Tom is weary of living with his mom and sister and managing all of there stuff and showdowns. In the melody it says â€Å"hidden in the lines, composed on the pages is the answer†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Tom has taken a gander at everything in his life attempting to get away and discover the appropriate response, even in his verse he attempts to discover the departure. For instance in the play he â€Å"†¦retires to a bureau of the wash space to take a shot at sonnets when business is slack in the warehouse.† Tom likewise detests his mom somehow or another. This is most clear when Tom calls Amanda a â€Å"ugly-chattering old-witch†¦Ã¢â‚¬  When Tom d... Free Essays on Nerver Ending Story Vs Glass Menagerie Free Essays on Nerver Ending Story Vs Glass Menagerie The Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams is focused on a fantasy of departure, much like the melody, Never Ending Story by New Found Glory. The tune most identifies with Tom in the play. Tom is, by a wide margin, the greatest visionary. The tune is tied in with dreaming, with verses like â€Å"Reach the stars and fly a fantasy.† Tom fantasies about leaving and ‘flying his fantasy.’ In the play, Tom says, as he is dreaming, of leaving the â€Å"†¦over swarmed urban focuses of lower class population.† Tom truly fantasies about leaving some time or another much like his dad had. Tom communicates this when he tells Amanda, â€Å"†¦Mother, I’d be the place [the father] is!† Tom fantasies about leaving so frantically that he â€Å"†¦paid his [Merchant Marine] contribution, this month rather than the light bill.† Tom needs to escape so urgently that he is eager to hurt the remainder of his family, by taking cash that they had earned, not finished with it what he should, and utilizing it just to satisfy his fantasies about getting away. Tom is prepared to get out, be his own individual, consequently the way that he took the cash to cover the tabs and paid for himself to go to the trader Marines. Additionally the way that he â€Å"goes to the movies,† and is away for nearly the entire day shows he is distraught at home. In the play Tom says he is â€Å"†¦tired of the movies,† implying that he is prepared for his own experiences. Tom is weary of living with his mom and sister and managing all of there stuff and showdowns. In the melody it says â€Å"hidden in the lines, composed on the pages is the answer†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Tom has taken a gander at everything in his life attempting to get away and discover the appropriate response, even in his verse he attempts to discover the break. For instance in the play he â€Å"†¦retires to a bureau of the wash space to chip away at sonnets when business is slack in the warehouse.† Tom additionally severely dislikes his mom somehow or another. This is most apparent when Tom calls Amanda a â€Å"ugly-chattering old-witch†¦Ã¢â‚¬  When Tom d...

Analytical Framework for Choosing the Right Investor

Analytical Framework for Choosing the Right Investor As an entrepreneur, you might find the whole idea of finding financing for your business as a necessary evil. Finding an investor isn’t an easy thing to do in the first place and ensuring your investor is a good one might sound like a step too far.But it is important to take your time and make sure you don’t just find an investor, but the right investor for your business. This guide will help you choose the right investor by focusing on the key points of selecting investors. You’ll learn to find the right financing option, define your financing needs and discuss your business values and goals with the potential investor.FIND THE RIGHT FINANCING OPTIONThe most important thing to understand first are the different financing options. Many entrepreneurs make the mistake of taking whatever money they are offered, without thinking whether the financing option is good for the specific business.Depending on your business model and the industry you work in, certain financing options can be more beneficial than others. As well as ensuring your company is attractive to investors, you also need to make sure you are looking for the right type of financing.The most common financing optionsFirst, let’s look at the most common external financing options.Private equity â€" Private equity covers most investment types, which are made by private individuals or privat ely owned institutions. Private equity is often considered the best financing option for established companies, although you could attract this type of financing even as a start-up. Private equity financing is often provided for buying a company, funding a specific project or simply for making a private investment.Venture capital â€" Venture capital on the other hand is mainly designed to finance start-ups. Venture capital is a good financing option for new businesses, which have high-growth potential. VCs don’t only provide financing, but can also provide the business assistance in running the business.Angel investing â€" Angel investors are people with high net worth and who are looking to finance companies as private investment opportunity. The investors are often focused on helping out start-ups and can provide crucial mentoring opportunities for entrepreneurs. Angel investing is often different to venture capital in terms of ticket size. Angels tend to invest smaller sums as they are making the investment as individuals.The above three financing options can sometimes be divided into seed funding and venture capital. Seed funding refers to smaller investments individuals or investment entities make and are often a big part of the early funding for start-ups. As the company matures and develops, it is generally more able to attract venture capitalists and eventually even private equity.You can learn more about those financing options from the US Small Business Administration guide.Other financing optionsDepending on your business, you might also want to consider other financing alternatives:Friends and family â€" Friends and family are typically an option for financing at the earliest stage of setting up a business. This ‘investor group’ is not particularly interested in your business development and might not have any industry expertise. The funding tends to be relatively small and terms might be more than beneficial to you.  You should remember that using your friends and family’s money for financing your business is not always straightforward. It could potentially be problematic, if things don’t turn out good. So, be sure the option is right for you and your business.Loans â€" you could also gain financing by loaning money from different entities. The most common options include:Government agenciesCommercial banksAll of the above options have their pros and cons. Before you start looking for the investor, it is a good idea to make sure you understand all of these options. You can then ensure you narrow your research to investors who can provide the most benefit for your business and who are most likely interested in investing in your business. DEFINE WHAT YOU NEED FROM THE INVESTOROnce you are aware of the different funding options to be offered, you can start analyzing what you are looking for from the investor. While this also deals with the actual amount of capital you are looking for, it also deals with more in-depth requirements.First, lets look at the things you should consider when you are outlining your financing needs. Afterwards, you can read about the signs of a good investor.Things to considerStart outlining your investor needs by figuring out the most important aspect: how much money you need. You are much more likely to accept the right type of investor when you know what you’d like them to invest.It is essential to have a figure in mind because you don’t want to accept an investment offer that simply doesn’t meet your demands. You also need to be wary of accepting more than you need â€" the money rarely comes without a bigger stake in your business.There are further things you must consider as well. A good approach to figuring out your requirements is by asking the following questions:How involved do you want the investor to be? If you are experienced and your business has been operating for a while, you might not be looking for anything other than the capital. On the other hand , if you are a start-up, further business mentoring and assistance might be more than welcomed. Certain angel investors, for example, can provide limited help from dealing with business finances to gaining further financing. If you feel you require a lot of help from your investor, not just in terms of funding, be clear and upfront about it. You also don’t want to select an investor who is going to dedicate much of his time for you, if you aren’t interested in this advice.Are you looking for a specialist? You also need to consider whether you are looking for simple financing or an investment specialist. For example, you might find seed funding a better alternative if you are looking for capital to boost your growth. On the other hand, if you are a new start-up, you might benefit more from having a start-up specialist invest in your company. Essentially, this comes down to whether you are looking for involvement or simple cold, hard cash.Should the investor have a background in y our business? For a new entrepreneur, setting up a business in a relatively unknown field, a seasoned professional can be a better alternative to an all-round investor. If you want expert insights, then picking an investor who has background in your industry is a good option.What are the problems you want to solve? You also need to think about why you are looking for financing in the first place. Start-ups shouldn’t seek for investments just for the sake of it. Therefore, you must clearly define the problems you like the investor to help you solve.The signs of a good investorWhile your specific needs will be key to defining what a good investor is for your business, there are certain qualities you want to keep in mind. These can help you better understand your options and ensure you focus your attention on the points that matter most to you and your business.Reputation.  First, you want to focus on the reputation of the investor. It might seem vain, but it does make a big differen ce. An investor with a good reputation can provide your business future contacts and a certain standing in the industry, as well as financing.A reputable investor or investment company can help make future financing a lot easier to obtain. In addition, the investor has most likely not gained the reputation by being bad at what he or she does. Therefore, you can know what you are getting with a reputable investor.Track record.  Even if you are looking for a less established investor, you still want to look at their track record. You want to see whether the investor has done similar deals in the past and analyze how successful these have been. Keep in mind the investor is not the sole reason a business might have failed, but if their portfolio only has companies, which have failed, you should start asking questions.Furthermore, don’t just look at success, but focus on finding investors with a track record in companies such as your own. Even though an investor might have had successe s building up pharmaceutical companies, your clothing business might not benefit much from their expertise.Resources.  Talking about money can be the hardest things for many new entrepreneurs, but you need to learn to do so, if you want to save your time. Don’t spend an eternity talking to an investor before you’ve gotten the big question out of the way: the resources.You must be clear about your investment needs â€" how much capital are you looking to raise, for instance. In addition, you should have a discussion regarding future funding. You want to know whether the investor is able to back you with additional funding as your business grows.Industry expertise.  As mentioned before, the investor’s industry expertise can be crucial. The expertise isn’t just about mentoring you and ensuring your business strategies are aligned with the current industry climate. An expert in your industry can also provide you with more contacts, which can boost your business success.Attracting an industry expert can also provide more credibility to your business. Even if you are dealing with a less established investor, the expertise and knowledge they have about your industry can be worth more than attracting a more reputable investor.Personal relationship with you.  Finally, a good investor will need to be able to have a great working relationship with you. The importance naturally depends on how much involvement you require from the investor; if you don’t want them too involved, your personal relationship doesn’t need to be as close, as with someone with a more hands-on approach.The most important thing is that you can trust your investor and your investor trusts you. The early stages of starting a business can be quite daunting and you need to have an investor who you can rely on. This also means that you need someone who will tell you the truth, even if you don’t want to hear it.DISCUSS CORE VALUES AND STRATEGIES WITH THE INVESTORAt the final stage of selectin g the right investor, you need to go through the values and strategies your business has. It is important these values and strategies align with the investor’s own approach to your company. This ensures you are both on the same page, in terms of where the business is heading and the way it wants to achieve these goals.Below are some of the key questions you need to discuss with the investor in order to determine your values and align strategies.What is the timeline for the investment?Different investors have very different investment strategies. Many venture capitalists, for example, invest in the company in a relatively short-term focus and look to exit from the business as soon as it reaches its growth potential. On the other hand, some angel and private equity investors might be looking to invest in the long-term.Make sure your expectations of the investment timeline meet with the investor’s plans. The timeline does not have to deal with a single date. Instead of deciding the investment is over after two years, the timeline could be determined by a goal, such as increasing sales by 200%.Be aware that many investors face a lot of pressure to cash out of investments as soon as possible, especially when the investor or entity isn’t a private venture. Is your business able to meet the pressure? You don’t want to end up in a situation where the investor is looking towards business strategies only to pave way for their own exit.What happens when the investment ends?Your term sheet will have a certain end-date for the investment. But you want to discuss the future beyond this to ensure the end doesn’t come as a shock. Are you, for example, looking to raise more money after a certain period? Would the investor be willing to invest again or perhaps continue their involvement after you’ve paid them back?You both need to have a strategy for ending the investment and what happens after it. Discussing this through before the investment can help build trust a nd ensure you aren’t met with ugly surprises at any point.What do you consider a success?Earlier we discussed the importance of defining the problems you want the investment to solve. In addition to this, you also need to define what a successful investment would look like and see whether your definition aligns with the investor’s expectation.If you share a common goal, you are able to measure how well the investment is going, as well as align the business strategy to better meet these demands.What is the vision for the business?Your business should have a clear vision of what it wants to achieve. While you want to ensure your investor feels able to provide his or her input and expertise towards this vision, you don’t want to go with an investor who completely disagrees with you. Discussing details is good, but you should be on the same page when it comes to the broad vision for your company.If you have certain lines you aren’t willing to cross, then you want to discuss thes e before you get into an investment deal. A good investor won’t be afraid to tell you, if they disagree with you, but they will also be able to see your vision. Although you might not always agree on the path you take to get to your goals, the end goal should be commonly shared between your business and the investor.FINAL THOUGHTSWhen it comes to raising funds for your business, it can seem tempting to accept the first investor that offers you money. But finding investment isn’t just about securing capital; it is also about finding the right investor to boost your business’ prospects.The above has shown it is essential to clearly define your investment needs before you start looking for an investor. Knowing what your business is looking in an investor will help you select the right financing option and focus your search on investors that can offer you all that you require â€" not just money. Make sure to listen to your guts when choosing your investor â€" you want an investor who is as passionate about your business as you are.

An Instrument For The Discovery Of Truth - 1301 Words

On the contrary, Southern claims individualism stemmed from the development of knowledge and logic in the Middle Ages. He discusses how well-rounded knowledge directed a change in the structure of society. Knowledge is something present in all societies, but it is important to note that religious communities encouraged knowledge in expressing individualism, which was not present in the Catholic Church previously. The development of individualism in the secular society is crucial, because it meant the people and the Church could come together through a common appreciation of individualism. Furthermore, Southern argues that logic was â€Å"an instrument for the discovery of truth† and a form of universal order. Of course, logic had already†¦show more content†¦He proclaims that Shakespeare is the exception and then, he faults the Spaniards and the Church for not being able to produce an Italian Shakespeare. Burckhardt continues to praise the Renaissance man, bu t he still does not answer the question as to why Italy is not in the forefront of modernity. The Italians may have been active during the Renaissance, but then their influence quickly died out. If the influence of the Italian Renaissance perished that rapidly, then the Italian Renaissance cannot be considered the beginning of the modern world. On the other hand, the Middle Ages brings about an individual who was an influence to the Church in the centuries to come. Gerbert was the model for over a century in respect to teaching logic and he was crucial in the art of rhetoric. The art of rhetoric was a key development in the Middle Ages, because it gave the government a particular voice. The government writes the law, which is rational and not based on emotion, and the law is what gives people freedom. When people have a greater amount of freedom, they are able to express individuality. Even though the serfs and freemen were restricted by the law in similar in levels, the freemen were affected in a rational way. The freemen were not bound to serving a person, while the serfs and so, the freemen were allowed to make distinctive choices. Gerbert’s influence in different realms of life proves that

Harsimran Singh. Dr. Sinclair. English 1102. Essay 3. 18

Harsimran Singh Dr. Sinclair English 1102 Essay 3 18 April 2017 Mind Games In â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado†, Edgar Allan Poe creates a diabolical psychopath who is fueled by the idea of vengeance. Poe analyzes the complexities of Montresor s behavior and probes into the inner workings of his dark, twisted mind. Akin to a game of chess, Montresor strategically executes his devious plan to extract revenge from Fortunato. The pieces at Montresor s disposal to successfully achieve revenge are his enormous pride and keen intelligence to psychologically manipulate Fortunato. The first piece of the chessboard is Montresor s pride. Even though Montresor is deeply engulfed by the thought of taking revenge from Fortunato, there is no clear motive†¦show more content†¦This stark contrast in their attire reveals who is control of the game. Fortunato can be seen as being easily manipulated, in which he later falls into Montresor’s trap. In addition, Montresor secretly plans Fortunato’s demise during the carnival setting. One would not expect a horrendous murder to planned at a joyous festival. Montresor uses his disguise so that no one would notice that he was with Fortunato at that night. Finally, the pieces of the chessboard fit together. With catalysts such Montresor s pride as his motivation for revenge and his shrewd scheme to corner Fortunato, he enacts his final tactic into play. The finishing blow that Montresor uses is his knowledge of reverse psychology. He psychologically manipulates Fortunato by persuading him to do the opposite of what he would normally do. There are two occasions in the narrative where Montresor uses reverse psychology. The first occurrence is his encounter with Fortunato. Montresor is well aware of the fact that Fortunato loves wine. Wine is his greatest passion. In this case, however, it will be his undoing, since Fortunato is already inebriated. His senses, then, are not as sharp than they might be under regular circumstances. In this brief meeting, Montresor attacks Fortunato’s greatest pride, which is his love for wine. Ultimately, Fortunato’s pride and arrogance leads him to his downfall. Montresor lies to

Jeffersonian Republicans vs. Federalists Free Essays

In regards to the United States constitution, Jeffersonian Republicans have been known as strict constructionists who had a narrow interpretation of the constitution following it to an extreme power. This was in opposition to the Federalists who had often followed a loose construction policy. And to a certain extent, the characterization of both of these parties was for the most part accurate during the presidencies of both Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. We will write a custom essay sample on Jeffersonian Republicans vs. Federalists or any similar topic only for you Order Now Though these parties stay pretty true to popular beliefs, with Jeffersonian Republicans being strict and Federalists being loose, at time this was proven to be in fact false. Thomas Jefferson and the Jeffersonian Republicans had become widely known as a strict constructionists even prior to the election of Jefferson. This is shown in a letter that Jefferson wrote to his colleague, and future cabinet member Gideon Granger which shows his true support for power to the states (Doc A. ) The letter states his strong feelings against the power that the federal government held because he was fearful that if the federal government gained too much power and the states had too little power, then we would almost be creating a monarchy in the United States like Great Britain had done. Another prime example of his ideas of stronger state governments were stated in his letter to Samuel Miller in 1808 (Doc B. ) Jefferson firmly believed that he had no business in involving himself with religious activities as president as the Constitution had made no mention of such activities and therefore followed his strict construction principle by delegating those powers to the states. However, though Jefferson was a man who was mostly stuck to his principles of strict construction, there were often times were he would abandon his beliefs for what he believed was better for the nation. A prime example of such was during the Louisiana Purchase. Jefferson had to make the final call on whether or not to take this giant mass of land and double the size of the United States, though he faced one major problem. Nowhere in the constitution did it state that Jefferson could solely purchase land for the country without consent, which forced him loosely interpret the constitution and use the â€Å"elastic clause† because this was believed to be necessary and proper for the nation. During Madison’s presidency, he also was able to stick to his principles of Jeffersonian Republicanism to a certain extent. In 1817, James Madison had addressed Congress following his vetoing of an Internal Improvements Bill due to his views of strict construction (Doc H. ) He believed that though this bill would in some respects help the country, the president was not given direct consent by the constitution to create roads and canals and control commerce. His belief in strict construction had forced him to make the ultimate decision of vetoing the bill. Henceforth, though Jefferson and Madison did mostly follow closely to the beliefs that Jeffersonian Republican party were founded on, they did not fully carry them out with some actions not corresponding to the initial ideals. The Jeffersonian Republican party was not the only party that had to wiggle their way around their initial ideas as the Federalist party was also partially facing difficulties at times. In 1814, when Congress was discussing a conscription bill that would enforce a draft of all men into the army, Daniel Webster (federalist) had violated his loose construction policy in an effort to fight this bill (Doc D. ) Webster had argued that nowhere in the constitution was it stated that a draft could be created and if such a law was passed, Congress would also have the power to create a dictator as well. Though he did believe in the idea that all Americans followed that went against a dictatorship, he abandoned his federalist ideas of loose construction in order to avoid a draft, even though it may have been â€Å"necessary and proper†. Federalists were also having troubles in their party when they publically made their troubles clear during the Hartford Convention in 1815 (Doc E. ) Federalists had almost clearly trashed their party ideas and sided with the Jeffersonian Republicans when in many of their remarks they had called for a weak central government. For example, when the Embargo Act was destroying the American economy, the Federalists wanted to take away power from Congress by creating an amendment which would take away all embargos and any trade with any foreign country without a two-thirds majority of both houses. Usually they would be against this as they believed in a strong central government, but they completely contradicted themselves at the Hartford Convention making no progress and eventually the downfall of the Federalist party. Therefore, the Federalists had an extremely hard time staying true to their own ideals. The Federalists and Jeffersonian Republicans had developed a polar opposite view of the constitution and government. One had devoted their views to strong state government and the other to strong central government. Jeffersonian Republicans (led by Jefferson and Madison), though wanting to stick to their ideas, faced much adversity when wanting to remain strict constructionists. Yet fortunately for them they proved the characterization of their party to be for the most part accurate. The Federalists did face much more problems as they would often contradict themselves and abandon their policies of loose constructions as shown during the presidencies of Jefferson and Madison. It is almost impossible to follow a party’s principles to an extreme extent, as seen by both parties, so it is necessary for both to adjust to find a balance that would ultimately benefit the people of the nation. How to cite Jeffersonian Republicans vs. Federalists, Papers

Luther Argumentative Essay Example For Students

Luther Argumentative Essay A thousand years is a long time. So how do you pick the most influential person of the last thousand years? Its practically impossible to do. But almost everyone will agree that one of the most influential characters in the millennium was Martin Luther, father of the protestant church. Luther was born November 10, 1483 in Eisleben, Thuringia (a province noted for its many musical talents, including Johann Sebastian Bach). Luther was brought up in the strict religious atmosphere of the roman catholic church. After attending the Latin Schools at Mansfeld, Magdeburg, and Eisenach, he entered the university at Erfurt in 1501. From this institution he received a bachelors degree in 1502 and a masters degree in 1505. During his student years, Luther was terrified by thoughts of the wrath of G-D. He continually sought a means of finding inward peace. To achieve this goal, he entered an Augustinian Monastery on July 17, 1505 to become a monk. Two years later, he was ordained a priest. In 150 8 Luther was appointed professor of philosophy at Wittenburg university, and he also studies there to get the doctor of theology degree in 1512. In 1515 Luther was appointed Augustinian Vical for Meissen and Thuringia. During the period of his appointment as vicar, Luther underwent a modification in his views and beliefs. He was still devoted to the church, but in his continued quest for inner peace, he turned from religious philosophy to the bible for the basis of his belief. These conclusions ultimately led Luther to combat some practices of the church. We will write a custom essay on Luther Argumentative specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Luther verus the church. A classic case of David and Goliath. There were many reasons Luther went against the church. But the sale of indulgences by Johann Tetzel in 1517 at a church near Wittenberg enticed Luther into action in the first place. Tetzel preached that buying indulgences would grant you a better place in heaven. On October 31, 1517, at the age of 33, Luther nailed his Ninety-Five Theses (1)to the castle church door at Wittenberg. This was not intended as a decisive attack on the church, and he did not want this to be circulated. However, the new spread quickly through Germany withing the next two weeks. Later in 1518 Luther boldly denied the absolute power of the church. On March 3rd , 1519, Luther wrote a letter to Pope Leo X. In the letter he stated that it was not his intention to undermine the authority of the pope or the church. He did not want a war. On June 27th Luther had a debate with Johann Eck in Leipzig. At the heart of the debate is the issue of indulgences and the authority of the pope and the Roman Church. This debate ended on July 14, and Luther was convinced Eck won. As a result of the debate, the impact of the Luther-Rome dispute began to grow. Luther and his ideas become unignorable. Luther became more popular. On June 11th, 1520, one hundred knights who were in favor of Luther offered him protection. He accepted the offer, fearing assassination. But along with people starting to favor him, people started to hate him. On November 12th, Luthers books were burned in Wittenburg. Burning of his books in others cities follow shortly thereafter. On November 20th, Luther writes Freedom of the Christian Man, and publishes it along with an open letter to Pope Leo X. In the letter Luther apologizes to the pope personally, but continued to denounce what he sees as false doctrine and corruption. On December 10th, Luther burnt Exsurge Domine and other documents of the pope. He also burnt books of church law and books written by his enemies. On March 6, 1521, the Emperor Charles V summoned Luther to appear the diet of Worms. Luther traveled to the city of Worms of April 6th, and stopped along the way to preach in Erfurt, Gotha, and Frankfurt. On April 15th Luther entered Worms in triumphal precession. A crowd had gathered to cheer him. On April 17th the first hearing of the Diet of Worms began. An official pointed to a table of books and asked if Luther was willing to take back the things he said. Luther asked for a recess. The next day Luther made a statement, Unless I am convinced by scripture and plain reasonI do not accept the authority of popes and c ouncils, for they have contradicted each othermy conscience is captive to the word of G-D. I cannot and I will not recant anything, for to go against conscience is neither right nor safe. G-D help me! The emperor sided with Rome and wanted Luther condemned immediately. But some members of the Diet wanted to give Luther a few more days to recant. On April 25th the Diet of Worms was dismissed. Luther left Worms as quickly as possible. On May 10th Luther arrived at the Wartburg castle, near Eisenach. He hid there for nearly ten months, from may 5th to February 29th 1522. During that time, Luther grew his hair and a beard and called himself Junker Jorg (knight George). During that time, on May 26th, the edict of Worms was signed by the Emperor and issued. It formally condemned Luthers teaching, and placed him under the ban of the empire. In February in the year 1522, then ban on Luther and his followers was lifted. The next few months he went around preaching his beliefs. Then on Septem ber 21st a major eventLuther published the New Testament in German. This gave him many more followers because people started reading the New Testament, and they realized a lot of what Luther preached is true. This also increased literacy greatly. The church did not like this. They order Luther and his followers to stop printing it. But by this time Luther is so powerful the church can not do anything to him. Luther stopped wearing a religious habit (2), showing disobedience to the church. In 1524 the peasants in southwest Germany rose up under Luthers example. They were ready to over throw the authorities if necessary. But on May 13th, 1525, at the battle of Frankenhausen, 50,000 peasants are killed. 1000 castles and monasteries are destroyed. On May 15th Protestant ministers are hanged by catholic princes. The peasants believed they were betrayed by Luther. So the question standswhat affect does Luther have on todays life? Now for me, since im Jewish, the effect is not much. But fo r the protestant citizens of America and the world, he is there father. He is to them almost what Moses or Abraham is to me. Now since religion is such a major part of life, the person who founded your specific religion is pretty influential on your life. Luther was also very influential on music, which also carries over to todays church. .u8295965aa999b9a7f8cd8156aad280b3 , .u8295965aa999b9a7f8cd8156aad280b3 .postImageUrl , .u8295965aa999b9a7f8cd8156aad280b3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8295965aa999b9a7f8cd8156aad280b3 , .u8295965aa999b9a7f8cd8156aad280b3:hover , .u8295965aa999b9a7f8cd8156aad280b3:visited , .u8295965aa999b9a7f8cd8156aad280b3:active { border:0!important; } .u8295965aa999b9a7f8cd8156aad280b3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8295965aa999b9a7f8cd8156aad280b3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8295965aa999b9a7f8cd8156aad280b3:active , .u8295965aa999b9a7f8cd8156aad280b3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8295965aa999b9a7f8cd8156aad280b3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8295965aa999b9a7f8cd8156aad280b3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8295965aa999b9a7f8cd8156aad280b3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8295965aa999b9a7f8cd8156aad280b3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8295965aa999b9a7f8cd8156aad280b3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8295965aa999b9a7f8cd8156aad280b3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8295965aa999b9a7f8cd8156aad280b3 .u8295965aa999b9a7f8cd8156aad280b3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8295965aa999b9a7f8cd8156aad280b3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Greenhouse Effect Essay SummaryBibliography:

10 Helium Facts - Atomic Number 2 on the Periodic Table

10 Helium Facts - Atomic Number 2 on the Periodic Table Helium is the second element on the periodic table, with atomic number 2 and element symbol He. Its the lightest noble gas. Here are ten quick facts about the element helium. Check the full listing for helium if you would like additional element facts. The atomic number of helium is 2, meaning each atom of helium has two protons.  The most abundant isotope of the element has 2 neutrons. It is energetically favorable for each helium atom to have 2 electrons, which gives it a stable electron shell.Helium has the lowest melting point and boiling point of the elements, so it only exists as a gas, except under extreme conditions.  At normal pressure, helium is a liquid at absolute zero.  It must be pressurized to become a solid.Helium is the second-lightest element.  The lightest element or one with the lowest density is hydrogen. Even though hydrogen typically exists as a diatomic gas, consisting of two atoms bonded together, a single atom of helium has a higher density value. This is because the most common isotope of hydrogen has one proton and no neutrons, while each helium atom typically has two  neutrons as well as two protons.Helium is the second-most abundant element in the universe  (after hydrogen), though it is mu ch less common on Earth.  On Earth, the element is considered a nonrenewable resource.  Helium does not form compounds with other elements, while the free atom is light enough to escape Earths gravity and bleed out through the atmosphere. Some scientists are concerned we might one day run out of helium or at least make it prohibitively expensive to isolate. Helium is colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, and inert.  Of all the elements, helium is the least reactive, so it does not form compounds under ordinary conditions. In order to bond it to another element, it would need to be ionized or pressurized. Under high pressure, disodium helide (HeNa2), the clathrate-like titanate La2/3-xLi3xTiO3He, the silicate crystobalite He II (SiO2He), dihelium arsenolite (AsO6 ·2He), and NeHe2 may exist.Most helium is obtained by extracting it from natural gas.  Its uses include helium party balloons,  as a protective inert atmosphere for chemistry storage and reactions, and for cooling superconducting magnets for NMR spectrometers and MRI machines.Helium is the second-least reactive noble gas (after neon).  It is considered the real gas that most closely approximates the behavior of an ideal gas.Helium is monatomic under standard conditions. In other words, helium is found as single atoms of the element.Inhaling helium temporarily chan ges the sound of a persons voice. Although many people think inhaling helium makes a voice sound higher, it doesnt actually alter the pitch. Though helium is non-toxic, breathing it can result in asphyxiation due to oxygen deprivation. Evidence of heliums existence came from the  observation of a yellow spectral line from the sun. The name for the element comes from the Greek god of the Sun, Helios.

CIS 206 U2 Discussion Example

CIS 206 U2 Discussion Example CIS 206 U2 Discussion – Coursework Example CIS 206 U2 Discussion CIS 206 U2 Discussion Proper configuration of directory and file permissions is significant in all systems. In Linux operating system, it is equally important to ensure that information security is guaranteed. Though the Linux Operating System are secure by default, it is important that administrators verify that the directory and file permissions of the server are at secure. Additionally, proper configuration of the directory and file permissions ensure that administrators share data in a safe manner (Lewis, 2013). The use of default or fewer restrictive permissions on files or directories poses several threats and attacks to the information contained on Linux servers. With the default settings, attacks that causes deletion of files or overwriting of files may readily occur. Different administrators may also create a symbolic link to any file, and this could cause deletion of data. Additionally, there are certain files that may grant access and special privile ges to the users when there are no restrictive permissions. In an organization, it is imperative to create permission groups. First, the members of the organization must be categorized into three groups based on their permission of accessing directories and files. The groups will include the owner, group and all users. Each of the directories and groups must be assigned three basic permissions. The member who can have the permission to write files must be the administrators of the firm. Depending on the type of organizational information, members of the organization may be granted the access to read and execute commands. In the organizational set-up, the formation of permission groups and assigning of relevant permission type can guarantee the safety of organization files and directories. ReferencesLewis, J. (2013).  Linux utilities cookbook. [Place of publication not identified]: Packet Publishing Limited.

Work based project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Work based project - Essay Example The teacher who keeps an open mind also gains a lot of learning observing how his students derive answers from their discovery process, sometimes, differently from how he did it. This dynamic is likewise possible for two teachers sharing a mentoring relationship.. A collaborative learning effort usually transpires in a mentoring relationship. A mentor and sound off some ideas and a mentee can take them up and dig deeper to unveil a phenomenon. The mentor, likewise does his research to be able to support the efforts of the student. A healthy teaching-learning environment prevails in such a productive collaboration. This report will chronicle a mentoring relationship between a veteran teacher and an on-the job novice teacher who is taking up further studies in education to equip her with more professional skills in her chosen career. It will follow the progress of the novice teacher’s growth within a span of a semester. Her mentor will ably guide her in the requirements of her studies in graduate school as well as in her teaching practice with toddlers. I have had the opportunity of interviewing both mentor, Anna and mentee, Ruth. Their mentoring relationship has been ongoing for several months now, as Ruth is Anna’s teacher assistant in her toddlers’ class. Ruth also has the privilege of having Anna help her out in her graduate school requirements as she provides the connections between theory and practice, and points out specific examples from their own class. Anna is a veteran educator, with her experience spanning over two decades. She has worked with preschool children and their families from the time she graduated from college. She has established her own preschool that has been running for eighteen years now. Due to heavy enrolment, she has also taken some classes to handle herself. On top of

International and strategic marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

International and strategic marketing - Essay Example This paper describes the rise of the recorded-music industry, the emergence of disruptive technologies and the effect of this disruption on the marketing strategies of today’s recording industry companies. The marketing strategies are discussed in perspective of the 7Ps of marketing. 3Ps are identified and analysed as potential channels for implementing marketing strategies that could mitigate the threat to recording industry’s digital music sales posed by free and illegal peer-to-peer (P2P) file-sharing websites. Table of Contents Executive summary 1 Table of Contents 2 2.0.Marketing strategies in the Music Industry 6 2.1.Product 7 2.2.Price 8 2.3.Place 8 2.4.Promotion 8 2.5.People 9 2.6.Process 10 2.7.Physical evidence 10 2.8.Section summary 10 3.0.Topics impacting the industry 11 3.1.Changing process using partners and intermediaries 11 3.2.Promoting legitimate digital music using merchandise and concert business 13 3.3.Repackaging physical evidence 14 4.0.Conclusion 15 References 16 1.0. Introduction According to the British Recorded Music Industry, the music industry can be broadly categorised into four sectors: song writing and publishing, recording, live music and artist management (BPI 2012). In all these sectors there are many different organisations and individuals performing different roles and earning their living. Currently the large share of the industry’s value is generated and controlled by the recorded music and live music sectors. The recorded sector is dominated by four major corporate labels that comprise of several smaller companies that focus on different regions and markets. These four conglomerates are: Sony Music Entertainment, Universal Music Group, EMI Music and Warner Music Group (The Economist 2008). The live music sector is dominated by Live Nation Entertainment in the United States. The growth of the recorded music sector epitomised by the rise of music labels towards the end of the 20th century led to the recording sector being synonymized as the music industry (Wikipedia 2012). The recorded music sector grew largely due to the ability of the music labels to efficiently and cost-effectively fulfil the several stages in the process of moving music from artist to consumer. The major record labels are vertically integrated businesses. The stages in the recording industry are: Artists and Repertoire (A&R) – involves finding new acts; recording music – involves composition, production and licensing of copyright; manufacture of mechanical recordings e.g. CDs and vinyl; music distribution and logistics; marketing and promotion; and retail activities (Fleming & E. G. Hughes 2002). Some of the factors that made music labels profitable are: economies of scale which spreads overheads over a wider revenue base; diversity of artists which enables them to maintain a steady flow of releases; and breadth of music catalogue. However, in the 21st century, the emergence and growth of three technologies led to the disruption experienced in the broad music industry in general, but mostly in the recorded-music industry’s value chain. These three technologies are digitalization, data compression and the Internet (Dolata 2011). Digitalization of music made it easy to make copies

Power and Politics of Performance Management

Power and Politics of Performance Management Organization politics are a reality in most organizations, and while game-playing might outwardly appear to be wasted time, it is necessary in order to secure resources, progress ideas, achieve personal goals, and often to enhance ones standing. It is naive to realistically expect to be able to stand aloof from organizational politics. You may be respected for doing so, but your progress will be limited and you will be seen as an easy target. (Buchanan Badham, 2007, pp 47-59) From a managing and leading people prospective, the later part will discuss about how power politics and control influence on the management of performance of individuals and organizational .what are the key aspects of the approaches of the power politics and controls over the management of performance. What is the good aspect and what is the negative aspect of those elements when we bring performance management into consideration on individual bases and on organizational bases. It will also identify what is meant by power, politics and control and the management of performance. All the relevant theories from the module and practical theories will be discussed in detail. Power and politics Management of performance: Before going into discussion about power politics and organizational control one need to discuss the dilemma of performance management. Performance management is not only about the employees performance but it mixture of how the organization as whole performing (internally and externally), its various department (sales, administration etc), budgeting, finance management, policies, services and products organizing groups for mutual task etc. According to Bratton Gold, pp 274, (2007) Performance management refers to the set of interconnected practices which are design to ensure that a person overall capabilities and potential are appraised, so that relevant goals can be set for work and development and, through assessment, data on work behaviour and performance can be collected and reviewed. On the other hand, Armstrong and Baron, pp 1-5, (2009) defining the management of performance as a process which contribute to the effective management of individuals and teams in order to achieve high level of organizational performance -as such, it established shared understanding about what is to achieved and an approach to leading and developing people which will ensure that it is achieved. Power and Politics: Power and politics are the ability or official capacity to exercise and control authority. It also has been known as an individual, groups, or states that have more control over others. Politics is defined as the art or science of government or governing, especially the governing of a political body, such as a nation, organizations, and the administration and control of its internal and external affairs. As businesses harness the power of technology to change and drive the bottom line, power and politics have been seen as the force behind this change. The managements bring important attributes to the table that lead the enterprises direction, from putting the companys strategic visions to finding short-term solutions, getting long-term targets, and bringing in partners who can change and improve the companys profits. Examine the persuasive and powerful individuals, and political base management in executive offices. A common feature among many will emerge: strong values and the abili ty to facilitate change. Thus it is understood how power and politics work together, and benefits each other well in the business setting. Although most individuals think as power as a force over something or someone, it is not identified as a political force. Power shared with political support has proven to be very beneficial in society or in organization. The former president of Pakistan General Pervaiz musharraf is an example of how he maintained power and politics in his regime effectively through a positive control which had influence positively on the country overall performance as comparing to its past. Leader is the key success for an effective performance of an organization. How far we can see power and politics: The topic of power is so vital and difficult to define in a single sentence yet people made different approaches towards power definition. Power can be exerted not only by some individuals over other, but also by some groups, sections departments, organization and indeed by some nations over other. (Huczynski Buchanan, 2007). Another writer Jay (1967) commented on the power definition as power lies in the acceptance of your authority by others -their knowledge that if they try to resist you they will fail and you will succeed, (jay, 1967). According to Gallagher (2003), power is the capacity to impress the dominance of ones goal or values on other. One can say that power is the source of individual authority and approached to get the thing s done. In other words the ability to make something happening or preventing it forms happening. On the other hand Organization politics can be defined as informal, parochial, typically divisive and illegitimate behaviour that is aimed at displaci ng legitimate power (Mintzberg, 1983). Organizations mainly consisted of organizational politics. Authorities or leaders usually exercising power have the same amount of politics. Working in organization one can see closely the relation of power and politics. It is believe that it is a reality in the organizations. According to Prasad, (1993) Politicking is one of the option for those who wish to influence decisions. It is believed that politics inside organization can be exercised for and against the organization. But most of the critics believed that politics mostly disrupt organizational efficiency and effectiveness (kacmar et al., 1999). Also it consuming time, restricting information and making communication difficulties (Eisenhard Bourgeois, 1988). It also creating the environment stressful, decreasing job satisfaction and making high level of employees turn over. Form a very way power and politics described as essential sources in the organizational life .some critics described as good well for organizational life and some criticised as negative element for organizational life and individuals well being. Power and politics can understand through its sources and tactics that how individuals exercising them through various means and controlling the whole sort of culture which automatically reflects on their performance. There are different approaches has been made by the writers, individualist and pluralist are the commons in them. Power as an individuals property: This type of power has been exercised by individuals with a Social and Interpersonal skills, Power can be seen in particular individuals inside the organizations (Huczynski and Buchanan, pp 435, 2007). Clearly stating who have the power and those who dont have. Individual property can be eliminated in two types of sources, structural sources and personal source based on managing with power theory (Jeffrey, 1992). Structural source: Individual formal role and position .the Ability of gaining support and allies, Individuals have fully control over information Reducing problems and uncertainty. Also have influence on the organization communication physically and emotionally, and the pervasiveness of individual activities within the organization. Such kind of power can be seen in accountants or accountant general officers and HR manager who have more power and authority than others. They hold a strong position and can be positive or negative effect on the organization overall performance. Individuals source: Power can be seen in Individuals, those who have more energy and physical stamina. The ability of focusing on energy and avoiding worthless efforts has fully understanding of other employees feelings. Individuals have a great capability of mental toughness and ability to control stress situation like conflicts and confrontations. All those Characteristics of power are known as more socialistic and talk about individual behaviour of its approach towards power. Power as a source of relationship According to French raven, pp 259-269 (1959) and Buchanan Budham (1999), Power as an individuals property yet it is property of relationship. French raven, pp 259-269 (1959), identified five types of power which are exercising within organization. Relationship power can be described as personal power and positional power. Each of these can be influence on the individuals behaviour, attitude and values. Figure 1. Types of Individual Power. (Source: French raven, 1959) Reward power: It is combination of different element such as resources, assisting employee or empowering them in some areas, sharing information, advancement, recognitions, personnel and emotional support of an individual authority exerting in organization. From political aspect, study found that politics influence on the reward power. In other word if the leader wants to give someone reward, politics can influence it from both positive and negative aspects. So, that would affect the overall performance of an individual from both aspects. On the other hand reward power can be a positive aspect of getting good performance and control of the employees in organization. So, one can see both positive and negative elements in such type of power. Coercive power: Authorities exercising the power of punishing individuals, firing them, and maintaining discipline and spreading the feelings of fear inside the organization, the leaders mostly delivered the massage of what their superior wants to do (transactional leadership). Politics may contribute in the form of other employees can get the massage what their superior wanted to do. Coercive power can be seen as negative in organizational culture, for example other employees may not be put their best in achieving the strategic goals and can turn hostile against the management which would influence on the management of performance and control of the individual and organization. In addition most of the critics seen it as a threat to employee well being. Using positive politics in such kind of power may give a massage to the employees to do what they asked to do. According to Hofstade, pp 42-63, (1980), culture does have high power distance and high uncertainty avoidance in some nations (i.e., Pakist an) has a significant influence on the performance and control of the organization or country. So to use some sort of coerciveness might be beneficial for the organizational performance and control. Expert power: This power based on facts or impression, the expertise of a manager to posses particular skills, knowledge and authorities capability of management issues and technique. The person may be given the power to make decisions for others individuals because he has an expertise on the particular subject area. Again it can be taken as positively and negatively influence on the management of performance. It can help others by getting things done on the right place and time but also can make barriers between the individuals and authorities if they take them in coercive manner, (Benfari Buchanan et, al, 2007 pp 51). Referent power: Leaders ability to rally his staff and urge them to cooperate in achieving the organizational goals (transformational leadership), the ability of the leaders to influence on individuals, we can call him as charismatic leader or manager who can influence his personality by his own values and perception in the organization. These leaders are able to move the organization toward the ideal perspective by coordinating the employees and integrating all system components (Cacioppe, pp 336, 2000). This type of power purely considers being positive for organizational culture and performance. Individuals mostly manipulate towards referent power, pure satisfaction prevailing over organizational culture. Legitimate power: Legitimate power is based on an individual formal position in the organization. It also can be known as position power. It is usually based on the compliances of individuals. Political perceptions in organization: Organization politics can be defined as Informal, parochial, typically divisive and illegitimate behaviour that is aimed at displacing legitimate power (Mintzberg, 1983). Organizations mainly consisted of organizational politics. Authorities usually exercising power have the same amount of politics. Working in organization one can see closely the relation of power and politics. It is believe that its a reality in the organizations. According to Prasad, 1993 Politicking is one of the option for those who wish to influence decisions. Its believed that politics inside organization can be exercised for and against the organization. But most of the critics believed that politics mostly disrupt organizational efficiency and effectiveness (kacmar et al., 1999). Also it consuming time, restricting information and making communication difficulties (Eisenhard and Bourgeois, 1988). It also creating the environment stressful, decreasing job satisfaction and making high level of employees turn ov er. Political behaviour needed to be considered more effectively and individuals have to be understood the causes and effects of politics in organization and its performance. Leadership may influence positively with powerful politics to reduce the level of high uncertainty, conflicts, building coalition with other, reducing the communication barriers between the employees and the managers or leaders, implementing strategic change and policies. Those who are in opposition can be tackling down on powerful politics, also handling trade unions or employees unions in the work place, etc. Politics can influence positively on organization and individuals performance and control. But most of the employees understand the philosophy of political behaviour in organization as a negative aspect of work life assuming that it is a self- serving aspect of getting promotion and personal objectives. Such behaviour can be identified as, hierarchical, associated with the influencing bad attitudes, destroying or abusing power and were not seen to be responsible towards organizational goals and interest of the employees. (Vigoda Poon, pp 138-155, 2003). In such political behaviour, individuals trying to surpass other in order to get more information and to get more power. Several factors are influencing on the political behaviour of an organization performance and can be known as personnel situational. Personal factors including demographic factors, individuals characteristics, attitudes, needs and values and Situational factors like job autonomy, job variety and on the organization al level such as centralization and formulization (Poon pp 138-155, 2003). Formal situational perception of organizational politics: Job ambiguity: In job ambiguity situations, individuals are mostly unclear about their job role, not clear about their objectives or goal and what can they do to get rewarded. Most of the employees trying to secure their jobs and their personnel interests using political resources and can turn them in defensive political behaviour (Ashforth and Lee, 1990). Scarcity of resources: In the situation of pay rise, promotion opportunities etc individual compete for such resources May using politics to get promotion and to get career opportunities and developments and get positively relation to political behaviour. Trust climate: According to Das and Teng, pp 251-283, (2001), Trust is subjective state of positive expectations regarding another persons good-well and can exist at the personal, organizational, inter-organizational and international levels. Working climate of trust can motivate individuals positively and can be influence on the political behaviour of an organization. On the other hand it can reduce employee performance if there is lack of trust climate in organization. Job satisfactions: The work environment, where individuals feel satisfaction and security of their jobs, According to Lock, 1973 and Poon, 2003, job satisfaction is a positive emotional state that arise when people appraised their jobs or job experience. The level of decrease in job satisfaction can be seen in organization with higher political behaviour. Decision and policies based on higher political environment can create job stress as well. Employees turn over intention: Turnover of employee can be discussed from two aspects psychological and physical usually caused when the organization are high politicking, most of the employee give up their struggles towards the job targets mentally and physically in a work life based on political environment,( Kacmar, 1999). The listed below diagram can evaluate about the political perception in organization clearly. Figure 2. Perceptions of Organizational Politics (Source: Poon, 2003) Conclusion: Armstrong, P-A Baron, A., Performance management: An Overview, Feb 2009: Charted Institute Of Professional Studies. Vigoda-Gadot., E: Leadership Style, Organizational Politics, And Employees Performance, 2007. Vol. No 5, 2007. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Bratton. J Gold, J. Human Resource Management, Theory And Practice. 4rth Edition, 2007: Published By Palgrave Macmillan New York. Chapter (8). Kacmar, K.M., Bozen, D.P., Carlson, D.S And Anthony, W.P (1999), An Examination Of The Perception Of Organizational Politics Model: Replication And Extension, Human Relations, Vol.52, pp.383- 416. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Poon., M.L, June, Situational Antecedent And Outcomes Of Organizational Politics Perceptions: Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol, 18 No.2, 2003 , Emerald Publication. Buchanan. D Budham., R: Power Politics And Organizational Change: Winning the Turf Game: 1st Edition 1999, Sage Publication LTD, London. Cole, G. 1997. Strategic Management. 2nd Ed. London: Thomson Learning. Watson, G., Gallagher, K., 2005. Managing for Results. 2nd Ed. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, London. Huczynski., A, Buchanan., D: Organizational Behaviour, Sixth Edition., 2007, Part six, Chapter 24, Pearson education limited. http://managementconsultingcourses.com/Lesson30PowerOrganizationalPolitics.pdf access Managing human behavior in public nonprofit organizations ÂÂ  By Robert B. Denhardt, Janet Vinzant Denhardt, Maria Pilar Aristigueta Hofstede, G. 1980. Motivation, Leadership, and Organization: Do American theories apply abroad? Organization dynamics AMACOM Journal. 1(1), pp 42 63 Das, T.K. and Teng, B.S. (2001), Trust, control, and risk in strategic alliances: an integrated framework, Organization Studies, Vol. 22, pp. 251-83. Mintzberg, H. (1983), Power In and Around Organizations, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Kacmar, K.M. and Ferris, G.R. (1991), Perceptions of organizational politics scale (POPS): development and construct validation, Educational and Psychological Measurement, Vol. 51, pp. 193-205.

Absolutism and Constitutionalism

1. Why did monarchs in the late 16th/early 17th centuries need new sources of income? Why did monarchs wish to get their income without the permission of the nobility? 2.Explain the role that each of the following played in the failure of England achieving absolutism, as well as the success of the French: England France  · Religion – Religion  · Parliament/Tradition – Estates General  · Personalities of Leaders – Personalities of Leaders  · Trust of Nobility – Trust of nobility 3. Henry IV came to the throne and helped to end the French Wars of Religion.After over 30 years of civil war, France was a wreck politically and economically. To set the stage for absolutism, he and his finance minister, the duke of Sully, needed to strengthen certain aspects of the nation and weaken others. Explain where the following fell into their plans, using the terms in parenthesis in your answer:  · power of nobility (parlements)  · increased money for crown (m onopolies)  · increased opportunity for economic success (canals, corvee) 4. After Henry IV’s assassination, his 9 year old son Louis XIII became king.Too young to rule, his mother named a brilliant official to serve as his regent. Explain how the following policies show the nature of Richelieu’s â€Å"raison d’etat†:  · Use of intendants  · Actions in the 30 Years War (1618-1648)  · Treatment of nobles  · Treatment of Huguenots 5. Describe the factors that led to the revolt (known as the Fronde) of the French nobility against the young Louis XIV and Cardinal Mazarin (1649-1652). What lesson did the Fronde teach Louis XIV? How did it help prepare the French people for absolutist rule?Helpful Hints for Reading this Section: o The first part of this reading provides an overview of the two systems of government that developed, and offers you hints as to why they developed as they did. Read this carefully so that many of the details listed in future sections will mean more to you. o There is a big difference between the English Parliament and the French parlements (note difference in spellings). The Parliament (-ia) historically had the ability to declare whether taxes were just (fair) or not, and so the kings/queens always had to go before Parliament whenever they needed money.Parliament, located in London, had the ability to make laws. French parlements (-e) were different in that there were many regional parlements as opposed to one central one, and they lacked the ability to make laws. Rather, the French parlements just had the authority to accept or refuse policies proposed by the monarchy. The French also had the Estates General to serve as its legislature, but it was a medieval creation that never really caught on among the French nobles. It could only meet when it was called into session by the king, and that was very rare (met once between 1618 and 1788).Chapter 13 – England 1. The Policy of Circumvention refer s to the various English kings’ efforts to go around, or circumvent, Parliament in their gathering of money for the crown. Explain how each of the following was an effort to raise or save money, and why it angered nobles/members of Parliament:  · impositions- These additional custom duties were seen as taxation on imports and exports by Parliament and as requiring parliamentary consent. They angered nobles and members of Parliament because they viewed it as taxation without consent. selling titles of nobility (think supply and demand– why would nobles feel like they each had less power if there were more nobles in the nation? )- people did anything they could to get a higher position so of course they would buy titles of nobility and since there were many nobles now, previous nobles felt less power because there weren’t as many â€Å"important† titles for everyone.  · James I’s role as peacemaker- 2. Summarize the many religious complaints that were raised against King James I. In defending the episcopacy, what did James mean when he retorted â€Å"No bishops, no king (pg. 452). – James viewed the proposal to replace bishops with presbyteries as an attempt to diminish his power in the church so he quoted that. 3. What actions led Parliament force Charles I to accept the Petition of Right? How would Charles I have attempted to defend himself and his actions? What freedoms did the Petition guarantee? -disputes between Parliament and King Charles I over the execution of the Thirty Years’ War, Parliament refused to grant subsidies to support the war effort, leading to Charles gathering â€Å"forced loans† without Parliamentary approval and arbitrarily imprisoning those who refused to pay.The Petition guaranteed restrictions on non-Parliamentary taxation, forced billeting of soldiers, imprisonment without cause, and restricts the use of martial law. 4. Why did Parliament not meet between 1629 and 1640? De scribe the circumstances that required their meeting in 1640. – The Triennial Act was intended to prevent kings from ruling without Parliament, as Charles had done between 1629-1640. The act required that Parliament meet for at least a fifty-day session once every three years. 5. Create a timeline using the following terms, explaining what each is and how the terms relate to one-another.  · Short Parliament Scottish Invasion  · Long Parliament’s New Laws (1640-41)  · Grand Remonstrance  · Invasion of Parliament (Roundhead/Cavaliers) 1639-1640 – Scottish Invasion= Breakdown of Charles's government of Scotland and two attempts to impose his will by force. Scots rose in 1639 against Charles' introduction of the English Prayer Book into Scotland, the anti-royalist London merchants encouraged the invading Scots to capture Newcastle. This they did in 1640, totally disrupting the export of coal. The Scottish army remained in Newcastle for a year and charged the Corporation a regular fee for billeting its troops. 640 – Short Parliament= sat from 13 April to 5 May 1640 during the reign of King Charles 1 of England and called â€Å"short† because it only lasted 3 weeks. He was forced to call the Short Parliament primarily to obtain money to finance his military struggle with Scotland in the Bishops’ War. -Long Parliament= established to pass financial bills. It received its name from the fact that through an Act of Parliament, it could be dissolved only with the agreement of the members and those members did not agree to its dissolution until after the English Civil War and at the end of interregnum in 1660. 641 -Grand Remonstrance= a list of grievances presented to King Charles I by English Parliament on 1 December 1641, but passed by the House of Commons on the 22nd of November 1641, during the Long Parliament; it was one of the chief events which were to precipitate the English Civil War. 1642-1651 -Invasion of Parlia ment (Roundhead/Cavaliers)= was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians (Roundheads) and Royalists (Cavaliers).The first (1642–46) and second (1648–49) civil wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the third war (1649–51) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament. The Civil War ended with the Parliamentary victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651. 6. Explain how the â€Å"Rump Parliament† and, more appropriately, Oliver Cromwell, ruled England during the period between Charles I and Charles II. – ruled first England, and then Ireland and Scotland from 1649 to 1660.After the English Civil War and the execution of Charles I, the republic's existence was initially declared by â€Å"An Act declaring England to be a Commonwealth† adopted by the Rump Parliament, on 19 May 1649. The governmen t took the form of direct personal rule by Oliver Cromwell. Just before and after the execution of King Charles I on 30 January 1649, the Rump passed a number of acts of Parliament creating the legal basis for the republic. Helpful Hints for Reading this Section: o To help remember the order of the English monarchs, try to remember the â€Å"Cromwell Sandwich. As with any good sandwich, it is named after the meat, which goes in the middle. Surrounding the meat is usually CHeese. In the Cromwell Sandwich then, the buns equal James (James I on top, or first, and James II bottom, or last) and the CHeese equals CHarles (Charles I on top of the meat or first, and then Charles II below the meat or second). Thus the order goes Bun (James I), Cheese (Charles I), Meat (Oliver Cromwell), Cheese (Charles II), and Bun (James II). I don’t know, it helps me. : ) 1. Describe England under the Restoration of the Monarchy (what powers did King have?Religion? )- began in 1660 when the English , Scottish and Irish monarchies were all restored under Charles II. 2. Religion and the monarchy became an increasingly touchy subject in Restoration-era England. Discuss how the following acts/events display the conflict developing between monarch and Parliament:  · Clarendon Code= The Clarendon Code was a series of four legal statutes passed between 1661-1665 which effectively re-established the supremacy of the Anglican Church after the interlude of Cromwell's Commonwealth, and ended toleration for dissenting religions. Declaration of Indulgence= Charles II of England's attempt to extend religious liberty to Protestant nonconformists and Roman Catholics in his realms, by suspending the execution of the penal laws that punished recusants from the Church of England. Charles issued the Declaration on 15 March 1672.  · Test Act (note who this one was aimed at)= were a series of English penal laws that served as a religious test for public office and imposed various civil disabili ties on Roman Catholics and Nonconformists.The principle was that none but persons professing the Established Church were eligible for public employment, and the severe penalties pronounced against recusants, whether Catholic or Nonconformist, were affirmations of this principle. In practice nonconformists were often exempted from some of these laws through the regular passage of Acts of Indemnity 3. Both politics and religion played a large role in the forced removal of James II as King of England. Summarize the role of each, and note what served as the immediate cause of the Glorious Revolution. . Describe the political philosophy of John Locke found in his Two Treatises on Government. 5. How could one point to the Glorious Revolution and the English Bill of Rights as early successes for the history of Democracy? Helpful Hints for Reading this Section: o When trying to keep straight Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, think about what they stood for in regards to man’s â€Å"nat ural state. † Hobbes, who believed man was horrible, awful, wicked nasty and cruel, was a â€Å"Hater. † Thus, the first letter of his name and how he felt both match up (Hobbes; Hater).Locke, who said man was naturally good, was all about the Love. Thus, his name and beliefs are also connected by a first-letter principle (Locke; Love). Chapter 13 – France 1. Explain how the theory of Divine Right strengthened Louis XIV’s power as king. How did his saying â€Å"L’etat, c’est moi† reflect the teachings of Bishop Bossuet? – The Divine Right strengthened Louis XIV’s by saying that dictators, nobles, and parliament don’t have power over the people. â€Å"L’etat, c’est moi† means â€Å"I am state† reflected the teaching of Bishop Bossuet by saying God has the almighty power. 2.The Palace at Versailles is an integral part of Louis XIV’s strong reign. Answer the following with regard to life in Versailles:  · To â€Å"domesticate† something means to make it tame, or to train it to be useful to humans. In what ways did Louis XIV â€Å"domesticate the nobility? †  · Why did Louis XIV order nobles to follow such trivial social rules and elaborate social functions at Versailles? Louis ordered nobles to follow trivial social rules and elaborate social functions at Versailles because he wanted them to have less power, so they won’t be a threat to him. What types of people did Louis choose to head his government agencies? Why did he prefer to use them instead of the nobles, as was the case in other times and other countries? Louis XIV replaced the princes who had previously held positions as ministers with new aristocrats who feared him more. This gave Louis XIV, the King of France more power. 3. Explain the ways in which Jean-Baptiste Colbert made France’s economy superior to any other nations’ in the 17th century. How did the marqu is of Louvois dramatically increase the effectiveness of France’s military? 4.Louis XIV’s France became so powerful that no one nation could likely stand up and defeat the French. For that reason, Louis chose to involve himself in a series of wars that would eventually break his nation’s finances. Include each of Louis XIV’s war in a timeline that shows the following:  · Years fought  · Reasons for War  · How foreign nations worked to Balance out French power  · Outcomes of War 5. Why did Louis XIV feel it was necessary to revoke the Edict of Nantes? What impact did this move have on his nation? Huguenots as a threat to his power.Huguenots through his reign were hostile to the crown and launched revolts. The revocation of the Edict of Nantes caused large numbers of them to flee to other protestant countries and establish themselves there, weakening the French economy. 6. Explain why the War of Spanish Succession (and the subsequent Treaty of Utrec ht) makes a fitting culmination to a. the grand wishes of Louis XIV’s plans for domination of Europe, and; b. the principle of Balance of Power used to stop Louis XIV and contain French power 7. Consider Louis XIV’s Legacy. Create a list of positive and negative aspects of Louis XIV’s legacy.Then, create a thesis statement that evaluates the impact of Louis XIV on French history. Be sure your thesis 1) takes a side/has direction, and 2) does not simply list 3 things Louis did good and/or bad. o Intendants were government officials (royal civil servants,’ according to the text) in charge of oversight duties across all areas of French society. They were responsible for making sure that all tax money collected by regional tax officials went directly to the king (as opposed to some going to the collector’s pocket), and to oversee the training and discipline of the French military.They studied efficiency in production and carried their lessons to emergi ng French industries. Possibly the most important aspect of the intendants was the fact that they were not of strong noble birth. Richelieu and Louis XIV realized that using nobles to do the most important jobs of government ran counter to the idea of centralizing full power in the hands of the crown. For that reason, the intendants typically came from middle class backgrounds, people who did not possess large lands of their own. Thus, these peoples’ success in life was fully-dependent upon the king.If they became corrupt, another intendant would call them out and they would lose their job and what was likely their only chance to be very successful in life. This created an incredibly driven, obedient and loyal bureaucracy for the French kings. o During the Counter-Reformation, several different groups of Catholics came up with various ways they saw as correct in regards to Catholicism. The Jesuits were likely the most famous and most successful, as they traveled to every coas tline and set up schools and monasteries in most all prominent nations.One of the Jesuits’ key messages to people was, â€Å"we can help save you. † By this, the Jesuits promoted the fact that people who were Catholic could be guaranteed salvation, so long as they followed the 7 sacraments and did as their priest told them. Another group, the Jansenists, saw this as untrue. Much like Luther and Calvin, the Jansenists believed that there was nothing people could do on earth to guarantee their salvation. They still believed in following all 7 of the Sacraments and other areas of Catholic doctrine, but they said that getting into heaven had to be a â€Å"gift† of God’s grace.A big religious dispute broke out within the Catholic church, and the influential Jesuits led an out-cry of opposition against the Jansenists. The point the text is trying to make with the Jansenists is that their group offered a form of Catholicism that included aspects of many Protesta nt religions (role of faith/grace as gift for salvation etc. ), which potentially could have kept French Huguenots (French Protestants) within the Catholic faith and kept them within France. When Louis XIV outlawed Jansenists, he made legal only the strongly anti-Protestant Jesuit Catholics, who began pushing for strong laws against Protestants.

On the Morality of Non-Legal Political Tactics

Morality arises from virtue. It makes the determination of good or bad weighed before proper conduct, logic and experience. Yet what is logical and proper? Can we equate moral with legal? If not, how do we create an intersection of the two such that obedience to the law is also a moral act? The overlap between morality and law may be an ideal. A code of conduct becomes the framework of morality which is rooted in cultural norm and tradition, religion, ideology, philosophy and individual conscience. Laws as embodiment of political beliefs and values are ideally made when morals become a major basis. Yet, in the same way that no one is perfect, society is also an imperfect system and most of the time morals and laws do not meet in the same direction. The policy-makers are mostly humans with vested interests neglecting majority needs and demands. The shaping of laws ergo is a difficult task for the citizens in order to create a law-abiding and morally-upright population. If not, moralists who pursue their perceived moral code of conduct might afford to disobey societal rules to satisfy morality or the law-abiders might dissatisfy the latter. However, the sources of morality at some point would contend each other vis a vis proper judgment. When this happens, every issue must represent a relative field of concern and must base the measure of morality on which aspect is dominant. In this paper I would like to present how activities of activists and political interest groups have transgressed legalities however may find justification on moral grounds. The example chosen are the environmentalists’ illegal pursuits against companies that degrade the ecology. In a political sense; sabotage, rallies, arson and eco-terrorism which are done for the achievement of their political interests are considered political tactics. These are the measures adopted by organizations to create an impression of sustained efforts and operations to make the government act according to their wishes. These political tactics are made outside of state means and are labeled anti-government. Using the framework of the existence of social movements, these strategies are expressed only when sympathizers lost trust in their lobbying capacities and find better attention in the non-state parameters. Yet advocates are confident on the righteousness of their position and actions. Here is an illustration of where the conviction is coming from. Let us concentrate on Eco-terrorism. This simply has been defined as terrorism that is conducted for the sake of environmental causes. Violence is employed but is directed against property of the target offenders. The damage that eco-terrorism has caused amounted to $42.8 million for decades which in 2003 increased to 200 million dollars in property damage. Environmentalists have argued that the government have misinterpreted the acts of the so-called eco-terrorists and must refer to the acts of persons, companies and governments that are involved in ecologically irresponsible activities like deforestation, construction of infrastructures in agricultural suburbs, destroying habitat of animals and various life-forms.[1] This has served the justifying principle for eco-terrorism; the sustainability of environment is more important than profit of companies and no amount of consumerism could be utilized as reason for the business expansions and material development. The relative avoidance of killings and deaths resulting from activism is attributed to the value that any culture, religion and ideology places over life and the right to life. The environmentalists have been serious about relating environmental degradation to an indirect act of taking away the lives of people due to anticipated outcomes of mishandling of the ecology and imbalance in the ecosystem. Nature has its way of getting back at modernization and industrialization; global warming, flash floods, extinction, etc. Philosophically speaking, the morality of eco-terrorism also begs ethical consideration. Rights are given importance where morality is present. Human rights have included the right to life, a healthy habitat, and a safe and clean society. In a political sense, â€Å"power† is an element that is not confined to the government and may be given to civil society and interest groups. Authority hence may be questioned and rendered illegitimate where the general public sees selfish interests dominate the society’s politics. The other sources of proper conduct such as norm or tradition, religion and individual conscience may be subjective yet there are some arguments that favor the activists; again following the cost-benefit analysis of eco-terrorism. The costs may be high now, but it is highest where the environmental destruction is not hindered. Following Aristotle’s idea of the dependence of morality on law as it appeared on the Nicomachean Ethics- law is essential should we want to nurture our moral virtues. This is so because the law can yield to the enhancement of the intellectual virtues and improve our lives in general. However the context with which Aristotle speaks of consists of a society where citizens have relegated authority to political leaders who are most capable and just. Justice is achieved where the benefits of the majority is promoted. It is an unlucky occasion for the present time to be marred with inequalities implicating morality to a downfall. In which case, morality can not base itself on laws as the latter have contained contradictions to the former. Put it in another way, laws have given intrinsic worth to values other than those that are held by philosophy, ideology, norm or religion; instead to individualistic benefits. What transpires in laws are political culture, market-oriented beliefs and modernized attitudes and behavior; none of which is ready to face the non-profit, organized and strong sentiments of environmental activists. [1] Cited from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eco-terrorism